Not entrirly sure what you are asking here, but for the first part, storing everything in a variable is very simple, but if you write the script well, you dont have to use a new variable.
$newVar = $_POST;
BUT, you don't really need to do this, everything is already in POST, just access it with a key: $_POST[name_of_what_you_want]
I think what you are asking is the basics of the CRUD website / database method. Create, read, update, and delete.
You will get your info from the client in your script, ie GET or POST.
Validate and scrub this data, prepping it for insertion into the database.
Insert this data into your database. In your case you are talking about a relational database. Basically, you have a table which stores the bulk of the data, each of those entries, or rows as they are known, which has a unique ID. Then you have other tables that rely on that unique ID to link that particular row of data to something else, be it a page or a category, etc., of your website.
Now that the data is in the database, you can query it and pull out what you need, based on a set of criteria, that you make up as you need. Then you build your webpage and send it to the user.
Without providing specifics of your project, I am afraid I cannot help you much further, but I hope this helps.
EDIT - based on your comment.
Here is a pseudo mockup of what you are asking for.
$sql = "SELECT name FROM table WHERE id='id_number'";
$data = mysql_query($sql); <-- assuming you are using MySQL
while($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($data)){
echo $row['name'];
}
What's going on? Query the database to pull out the rows with the ID you are looking for. Store them in an array, and step through that array, echoing the name to the user.