如何在GoLang中编写与数据库无关的函数以使其更易于进行单元测试？

Question

TLDR: What's the best way of unit-testing a function that uses a database as its datasource but that the datasource does not have to be a database (that is, the function isn't aware of where the data is coming from. e.g. it can be an object, etc.)?

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I'm trying to find out what's the best practice for unit-testing functions that use a database as its datasource - which is passed through its parameter - but that the datasource does not have to be a database (e.g. it can be an object, etc.). The reason I add the clause, "that the datasource does not have to be a database," is because I don't want to use a database during unit-tests. So, how do I write a function that is database-agnostic?

One possible approach is to provide an "env" parameter that holds the datasource, like so (GoLang):

type Env struct {
    DataSource  interface{}
}

func FunctionToTest(env Env) {
    switch et := (env.DataSource).(type) {
    case UserDatasource:
        userSource := (env.DataSource).(UserDatasource)
        user := userSource.getUser()
    default:
        // Throw error
    }
}

func FunctionToTest2(env Env) {
    switch et := (env.DataSource).(type) {
    case CredentialsDatasource:
        credentialSource := (env.DataSource).(CredentialsDatasource)
        password := credentialSource.getPassword()
    default:
        // Throw error
    }
}

The issue with this is that it seems "hacky" and it feels like there exists a better solution. The reason I want to learn how to do this is so that I can write unit-tests that mock the database.

I appreciate any and all input.

Thanks in advance!

Answer 1

You would want to use an interface here. A common pattern used to abstract away where the data comes from is the repository pattern. Here is an article where you can read about the repository pattern and other tips for developing well-written Go applications.

package user

type User struct {
    ID int64
    Name string
}

type Repository interface {
    Find(id int64) (*User, error)
    Store(u *User) error
}

func ChangeUserName(id int64, name string, r Repository) error {
    u, err := r.Find(id)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

    u.Name = name
    err = r.Store(u)
    return err
}

Now you are able to pass in any struct with the methods matching your user.Repository interface. For example:

package mysql

type DB struct {
    *sql.DB
}

func New(db *sql.DB) *DB {
    return DB{db}
}

func (d *DB) Find(id int64) (*user.User, error) {
    // mysql stuff to find user
}

func (d *DB) Store(u *user.User) error {
    // mysql stuff to store user
}

then ...

package main

func main() {
    // ...
    // conn := code to open *sql.DB connection
    db := mysql.New(conn)
    err := user.ChangeUserName(1, 'bob', db)
    // ...
}

You can now also use a mock to test your function.

package mocks

type UserRepository struct {
    Users []*user.User
    ShouldError bool
}

func (r *UserRepository) Find(id int64) (*user.User, error) {
    if r.ShouldError {
        return nil, errors.New("")
    }
    for _, u := range r.Users {
        if u.ID == id {
            return u
        }
    }
    return errors.New("user not found")
}

func (r *UserRepository) Store(u *user.User) error {
    if r.ShouldError {
        return errors.New("")
    }
    r.Users = append(r.Users, u)
    return nil
}

then to test...

func Test_ChangeUserName_Stores_Changed_User(t *testing.T) {
    u := &user.User{ID: 1, Name: 'Bob'}
    r := mocks.UserRepository{Users: []*user.User{u}}
    err := user.ChangeUserName(1, 'Fred', r)
    // ...
}