It's not 100% clear what you really want to do but I will try to achieve an answer for you which already works on my system:
now: www.my-java-web.com and www.my-php-web.com:8080
final: www.my-java-web.com and www.my-php-web.com
So you will have 2 different domain.
Still apache needs to run on 80 simply change that in the apache2.conf or httpd.conf by adding LISTEN 80
because that will be the entry port.
You than can create a VirtualHost in the Apache which allows you to redirect the domain www.my-java-web.com directly to you java backend without and of course you then also need to change the tomcat port to another one than 80
because that's already in use by apache - no way to get rid of that task.
<VirtualHost *>
ServerAdmin xx@example.com
ServerName www.my-java-web.com
ProxyPreserveHost On
# setup the proxy
<Proxy *>
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
</Proxy>
ProxyPass / http://localhost:{your new tomcat port}/
ProxyPassReverse / http://localhost:{your new tomcat port}/
</VirtualHost>