为什么种族探测器没有检测到这种种族状况？

Question

I am currently learning the Go programming language and I am now experimenting with the atomic package.

In this example, I am spawning a number of Goroutines that all need to increment a package level variable. There are several methods to avoid race conditions but for now I want to solve this using the atomic package.

When running the following code on my Windows PC (go run main.go) the results are not what I expect them to be (I expect the final result to be 1000). The final number is somewhere between 900 and 1000. When running the code in the Go Playground the value is 1000.

Here is the code I am using: https://play.golang.org/p/8gW-AsKGzwq

var counter int64
var wg sync.WaitGroup

func main() {
    num := 1000
    wg.Add(num )
    for i := 0; i < num ; i++ {
        go func() {
            v := atomic.LoadInt64(&counter)
            v++
            atomic.StoreInt64(&counter, v)

            // atomic.AddInt64(&counter, 1)

            // fmt.Println(v)
            wg.Done()
        }()
    }
    wg.Wait()
    fmt.Println("final", counter)
}

go run main.go
final 931

go run main.go
final 960

go run main.go
final 918

I would have expected the race detector to give an error, but it doesn't:

go run -race main.go
final 1000

And it outputs the correct value (1000).

I am using go version go1.12.7 windows/amd64 (latest version at this moment)

My questions:

• Why is the race detector not giving an error, but am I seeing different values when running the code without the race detector?
• My theory why the Load/Store combination is not working is that the two atomic calls are not atomic as a whole. In this case I should be using the atomic.AddInt64 method, is that right?

Any help would be greatly appreciated :)

Answer 1

There is nothing racy in your code, so that's why the race detector detects nothing. Your counter variable is always accessed via the atomic package from the launched goroutines and not directly.

The reason why sometimes you get 1000 and sometimes less is due to the number of active threads that run goroutines: GOMAXPROCS. On the Go Playground it's 1, so at any time you have one active goroutine (so basically your app is executed sequentially, without any parallelism). And the current goroutine scheduler does not put goroutines to park arbitrarily.

On your local machine you probably have a multicore CPU, and GOMAXPROCS defaults to the number of available logical CPUs, so GOMAXPROCS is greater than 1, so you have multiple goroutines running parallel (truly parallel, not just concurrent).

See this fragment:

v := atomic.LoadInt64(&counter)
v++
atomic.StoreInt64(&counter, v)

You load counter's value and assign it to v, you increment v, and you store back the value of the incremented v. What happens if 2 parallel goroutines do this at the same time? Let's say both load the value 100. Both increment their local copy: 101. Both write back 101, even though it should be at 102.

Yes, the proper way to increment counters atomically would be to use atomic.AddInt64() like this:

for i := 0; i < num; i++ {
    go func() {
        atomic.AddInt64(&counter, 1)
        wg.Done()
    }()
}

This way you'll always get 1000, no matter what GOMAXPROCS is.