I am not sure why you say "can't use custom javascript". If you just want a "loading icon" yoy should do this
- show loading icon (from js)
- ajax request to php file that generates the pdf into a server file
- on success you get a link to a generated pdf.
(for this solution you might try some estimation based on how large would be the generated file)
If you want an accurate progressive, you should add some estimation on php file. Let's say when you generate the pdf you know how many pages you will generate and each "addPage" command you save the status of completeness in a file or a memcached key. On you JavaScript side you call a file each second that reads that status of completeness.