Thanks very much for your comments, but after looking at this with fresh eyes, I was able to look abit further into the code, and it dawned on me what was happening.
As asked above, I dumped the values of $raw and $cast, which were returned as:
string(2) "14" string(7) "3 votes"
So clearly, the '3 votes' is supposed to be a number, or the calculation isn't going to work. I had a look at the line above, which read:
$cast = (get_post_meta($id, '_kksr_casts', true)?get_post_meta($id, '_kksr_casts', true):'0').' votes';
Bingo. I removed the ending 'votes' output, leaving just the number. And the message disappears. I still want the original text to be outputted though, so I found the next line after 606 contained this:
$row = $avg . ' (' . $per . ') ' . $cast;
So I just added 'votes' on the end of this line, which results in the correct output in the WP Admin, and the error now gone.
Seems fixed, and a pull request created. Thanks for all your help guys.