Installing Dusk should create a DuskTestCase.php file in /tests/ directory in your app. DuskTestCase class within this file contains a driver() method, which is easy to override (since this is within your app, you can make changes in it directly as it's not part of the package anymore).
Disabling the headless mode is now as simple as just removing the '--headless' argument from the $options variable in it's addArguments() method on ChromeOptions instance.
As of Laravel 5.5, the $options variable will look something like this:
$options = (new ChromeOptions)->addArguments([
'--disable-gpu',
//'--headless'
]);